Quotes Please Help Comfort Me

15

would be a good idea to make an entry with a significant dream.

-

At the airport, the city does not remember her, but she was about to embark on a flight.
dreams are strange, strange because even though you try you can not remember how to go from one place and situation to another in a blink. I remember
been queuing in the middle of a group of gypsies, and they were fighting each other, then I was on a bus and fought with someone. Soon he was outside the airport and take off and landing aircraft and six-wheeled buses and again was on the plane to take off to finish on the bus route to somewhere. From

Tonight I will try to freeze time, find out how I can teleport without me knowing, if I discover that I could find a new way to travel.

Christinening Card Messages

LINK RENEWED



------------------- I've gathered all that I have advanced this story without apparent end in a PDF to download and read if they want :-).

http://www.megaupload.com/?d=LZYXKVHT

Fuji Finepix F480 Remote Capture

Evolution: change ... or



Introduction

The meaning of the word evolution varies over time. Since ancient times the term semantics is unchanged according to the advance of knowledge and, in recent decades, new paradigms give the concept ontological innovations.
biology develops the theory and other disciplines provide tools, experiences and strengthen, explanations. Its development is rich in variations that cause heated antagonisms among researchers. This problem affects all disciplines is a course that the French biologist Jean Rostand, in 1932, brightly summarizes by saying: "The evolution of ideas about evolution."


Change

The word evolution is fashionable. It is used in mass of people from different social strata and from different cultures to refer a range of fields. This comprehensive and popular use covers the broadest sense of the term and refers to the concept changes.
Evolution comes from the Latin "evolvere", meaning "unroll, unfold, or change. Consequently, the origin of the word justify its use in diverse occasions, for example, to refer to the development of a football game, the mechanism of gestation cosmic galaxies, weather forecasting, adaptation of species the state of a patient. In short, changing ... evolving.


Process exchange

Some authors define evolution as a gradual transition action things from one state to another. Here, it adds another idea, expressed in the term "action to move gradually," which refers to a process. In general there is agreement, both in science and in secular knowledge, accepting that evolution is a process of change. The differences are revealed by scholars attempting to explain the phenomenon of change.


Image: the birds and their ancestors. In: Nature - http://images.google.com.ar/imgres?imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com


gradual change

In the seventeenth century the concept of evolution is referred to the deployment of a plan. In the following growing idea that species are transformed into other species. Are Georges Louis Leclerc (Comte de Buffon), Pierre de Maupertuis, Erasmus Darwin and Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, among others, who consolidated this progressive thinking. However, his weak explanations of how these transformations occur.
Only in 1859, Charles Darwin (grandson of Erasmus), based on work of Alfred Russel Wallace who affirms "the principle of selection natural ", published The Origin of Species. This agreement outlines a set of ideas developed over the years by a new scientific vision that had its staging from the writings of Darwin. The origin of species is a landmark in biology in particular and for science in general, since its publication from the gestation of the world we live begins to understand from a new perspective.
The first articles of Darwin-Wallace not use the word evolution nor the first edition of the aforementioned book, precisely because they want to define a new concept. Darwin so used the phrase "descent with modification" to indicate that their ideas involve modification (transmutation) and no growth or development. In this sense, the first to use the term evolution is the English social theorist and father of the evolutionary philosophy, Herbert Spencer.
The Encarta Encyclopedia says: "Evolution, in biology, descent with modification, the process by which all living things on Earth have diverged, by direct descent, from a single source that existed more than 3,000 million years. "For the French biologist Pierre Grasse the term refers to the sequence and variation in time of plant and animal forms; and the German biologist Ernst Mayr, implies change with continuity, usually with a directional component.
All expressions above make implicit reference to gradual processes that are defined in extended periods of time. Darwin argued that natural selection usually works extremely slowly.


Abrupt change

Hugo de Vries, Dutch botanist, reworked with the nascent twentieth century inheritance laws of Gregor Mendel and incorporates the concept of mutation theory. Argues that the modification of species can be quickly and drastically, slow and gradual, as is thought to date. About the same time, William Bateson, British biologist, comes to similar conclusions: evolution is the product of a series of sudden jumps and discontinuous.
In the last decades of the twentieth century, Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldridge extend the original theory of Hugo de Vries to propose an evolutionary model with sudden disturbances that lead to marked changes. These states are scored destabilizing long periods of equilibrium. This theory of the equilibrium point or point or saltationism is opposed to the gradualist theory holds that species evolve through rapid changes produced small, isolated populations.



Image: the horse and its ancestors. In Iguania - http://www.iguania.com/foro/viewtopic.php?f=79&t=11026&start=315&st=0&sk=t&sd=a


Change with adaptation

The classical school of thought interprets the evolution is to produce new biological species, more adapted to their environment. That is, consider this phenomenon a fitting process. Darwin called natural selection or survival of the fit.
English biologist Jorge Barragán believes that adaptation is not a reliable indicator, however, the adaptability it is, because it is of greater efficiency, which is the essence of the theory. For its part, the English biophysical Jorge Wagensberg argues that evolution is an adaptation to overcome and take the next.


meaningful change or progress

Many authors do not accept that you can link the notion of progress or direction to the evolutionary process. They state that no paleontological support to argue that there is a tendency toward increasing complexity and increasing efficiency.
However, many scientists like the astronomer Carl Sagan believed that biological evolution is accompanied by an increase in complexity. Those who defend the fractal theory suggests that living things point to a more efficient management of information and energy. Similarly the English ecologist Ramón Margalef think the benefit of those who survive is its ability to hold more information in terms of time.
The Jesuit Pierre Teilhard de Chardin said that, historically, the stuff of the universe is concentrated in increasingly more organized forms of matter. This distinguished paleontologist admits that evolution is an ascent towards consciousness.


Change from confrontation

The English sociologist and economist Thomas Malthus, in 1798, argues that the intensity of reproductive instinct determines a geometric growth of the population while food increases in arithmetic progression. This leads to all species to maintain a "struggle for existence." Sixty years later, Darwin implanted in his writings this concept in a broad sense and links to the principle of natural selection and the survival of the fittest. Although it also supports the importance of "cooperative behavior" in sustaining the species, their followers amplify the concept of "struggle for existence" and extend the overall functioning of nature.
Between 1840 and 1850, Colquhoun determines a hierarchy of aggression in the fight for life. In 1888, Thomas Henry Huxley defending extreme positions Darwinists to claim that only they can survive the most aggressive, while the weakest and the dumbest are condemned to death. Huxley argues that the engine of evolution is the struggle.
Huxley's position is taken to the molecular field by the English zoologist and geneticist Richard Dawkins to sustain their genetic selfishness. States that the only function of living beings is to protect the "selfish molecules" called genes. The ruthless struggle is between genes. Each gene is intended to increase their chances of survival at the expense of the rest. The "selfish gene" has but one goal: to make new copies of itself.
Dawkins extends his theory to the field of culture and biological mechanisms linking social evolutionary processes. Called "memes" to the units cultural heritage, as equivalent to the genes. These are repeated spreading from brain to brain by a mechanism of imitation and maintain their status as "selfish memes."


Change with cooperation

In the 1870s, the zoologist Karl F. Kessler concludes that the processes of "mutual aid" given in species are those that determine their survival. The Russian thinker Peter A. Kropotkin, based on studies in Siberia in the 1860's, suggests that the species to survive in an extreme climate, rather than maintaining a fierce struggle manifested mutual support, altruistic behavior.
Shortly after new evidence of cooperative behavior based on research conducted by William Hamilton and Ernst Mayr. Biologist Lynn Margulis states that living things did not just compete and fight, but also associate and work together. Designated as the central evolutionary force the phenomenon of symbiosis, which generates large evolutionary leaps through the inheritance of acquired genomes.


Image: man and his ancestors. In: What are you telling me? - Http://jmhernandez.wordpress.com/2008/10/05/el-mito-del-% C2% ABeslabon-lost% C2% BB /


genetic change

Later in the twentieth century, scientists John Haldane, Ernst Mayr, Ronald Fisher, Sewall Wright and Theodosius Dobzhansky, specialize further studies on the subject. Through the development of population genetics argue that evolution is a result of the change of gene frequencies within a population.
drift and gene flow with natural selection leads to the differentiation of species and speciation. This implies that the development of an organism (ontogeny) is not evolution, that organisms individuals do not evolve and that changes should remain in following generations.


Change in the organization

systems theory has provided new scientific perspective. Now you can see the relationships between each system and its environment as an interconnected network, linking everyone with everyone, from the molecular level to cellular, to ecosystem.
According to English biologist Max Sandín evolutionary changes are the result of rearrangements produced in the interconnected system. The new systems are the result of imbalance shocks driven by environmental affect entire ecosystems. Sandín expressed that when speaking of evolution it refers to the change of organization, ie, not adaptations or variability or species. He asserts that the evolutionary process is a strange phenomenon of simultaneous sudden change in an ecosystem.


Change in other fields

fractal theory for adaptation is a process linked to environmental conditions of every living thing in particular, while evolution is a universal process (not local) . Some experts say as Dobzhansky genetic evolution of hominids is not independent of cultural evolution, but that both are interdependent and linked in a feedback relationship.
Teilhard de Chardin distinguishes the existence of three successive shells or spheres: the geosphere, the scene of the inorganic forms, which were subsequently superimposed the biosphere or evolving system of organic life, and finally, the noosphere including the evolving system of thought and human consciousness. In the late twentieth century, the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann adds a fourth category, for the psychic systems.


Image: social system and their ancestors. In definicionabc.com - taringa.net - subirimagenes.com - cubamatinal.es - estebanlob.blogspot.com - http://images.google.com.ar.


No change

Several decades ago, two renowned intellectuals, the British biologist Julian Huxley and Teilhard de Chardin and named when discussing the process of evolution, despite epistemic positions have dissimilar ideas are common. Both assert that there are critical points from which the substance of the universe takes on different properties, where new forms of organization. This view is advanced for its time, an ontological innovation: the evolution ceases to be change (change of anything existing) to be generation (production of something new, no pre-existence).
critical points can be treated as very far from equilibrium conditions. The Nobel Prize in chemistry, Illya Prigogine, says that far from equilibrium matter is capable of perceiving differences the environment, undetectable in extreme situations.


Reflections

If evolution is a process of change, in a universe where everything flows, where everything changes over time: everything is changing? Is there anything other than a process of change?

If evolution is a genetic question: what explains the cosmic evolution, psychological, cultural? If the genetic difference between chimps and men is only 2%, what is the phenomenon that exploits the great intellectual divide between the two?

If researchers differ in their explanations on basic issues as: fighting - mutual support meaningless - increasing complexity, gradual - sharp, natural selection - change of organization, biological process - universal process, changing the - generation: the foundations of the theory are sound? Is there another way of thinking about evolution?

If there are critical points from which the substance of the universe takes on different properties, where new forms of organization: the genesis of life on Earth is a critical point? Does the appearance of man is a critical point? How many critical points were from the Big Bang to the present? Will there be new hotspots in the future?

If evolution is generating something new, no pre-existence, is it valid to say as Jean Rostand, "The evolution of ideas about evolution"? Can we solve this problem only from biology? Other paradigms do you need?

Mario Hails, May 2010

"Evolution is a universal phenomenon in-time."